SIX million people were
killed during the Holocaust of which 1.2million were at the notorious
Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camps. Kate Gould joined 200
students from South London on a day trip organised by the Holocaust
Educational Trust to these camps and to see the work being done to
keep the horrors of what happened there f
IT'S more than 70 years
since the Nazi concentration camps at Auschwitz and Birkenau near the
town of Oswiecim in Poland were liberated by the Allies.
The camps are perhaps
the most potent and recognisable reminder of the Holocaust - the
systematic extermination of groups deemed by the Nazis to be not
worthy of living - Jews, criminals, Poles, Russians, Roma and
prisoners of war.
Although the exact
figure is not known, it is estimated that six million people perished
during the Holocaust of which 1.5million were children and of which
1.2million were killed at Auschwitz.
And they came to these
camps on a lie - despite being told by the Nazis to bring their
posessions as they were going to be evacuated to a better place, most
were gassed or executed.
So to stand under the
gates at Auschwitz with the famous Arbeit Macht Frei (work makes you
free) in iron writing over the top of it, is somewhat overwhelming.
In fact nothing can
prepare you on a visit to Auschwitz and its sibling Birkenau - the
camps where unimaginable horrors to human beings took place between
1940 and 1945.
I was invited to go on
a day trip to see the camps by the Holocaust Educational Trust on
Thursday of last week. I went with about 200 students from schools
across South London as part of the Trust's Lessons From Auschwitz
project.
The project aims to
increase the knowledge and understanding of the Holocaust on the
premise that "hearing is not like seeing".
As well as the visit to
Poland it also includes seminars and workshops for the students -
aged between 16 and 18 - to share and pass on their experiences of
what they have seen at first hand.
And so it was that
after a ridiculously early start we arrived at Auschwitz I, somewhat
bleary eyed to step into the place where so many died.
It was a very sombre
moment to step over the threshold. It was snowing, bitterly cold and
there was an eeriness to it.
Now a museum complex,
still surrounded by three rows of barbed wire, Auschwitz I comprises
rows of buildings which house artefacts from the war including
clothing, pots, pans and even hair that were seized by the Nazis, as
well as the gas chambers and crematorium.
During our visit our
guide Marta Kadluczka took us to some of the many rooms full of these
personal posessions.
We saw a mountain of
40,000 shoes, many of which were beautifully made, colourful and
stylish, a cabinet of prosthetic limbs including many for children,
one of brushes, combs and shaving brushes, another full of colourful
pots, pans, kettles and other kitchen staples, one full of spectacles
and one of luggage, all marked with names and dates.
And then there was the
hair - a huge mound of it behind glass, some of which was made into
clothes for the Germans.
We also saw the empty
gas cannisters which contained the infamous Zyklon B gas. Marta told
us how those arriving at the camp gates were told to strip off for a
shower but instead were taken to the chambers into which the gas was
piped. It was a slow and agonising death with those inside
frightened, scrambling to try and escape and not being able to. To be
standing, free, in the place where so many lost their lives felt
almost disrespectful.
While many who arrived
at the camps were gassed some were kept as prisoners to work in the
camps, cleaning out the latrines or cooking in the kitchens.
Conditions in the camp
were beyond dreadful and in most cases deadly as even those who were
kept as prisoners were susceptable to disease or starvation - or
worse, torture, beatings, hanging, medical experiments or being shot
at the "death wall".
Many slept on the bare
floor, a few fortunate souls had straw to sleep on or slept three to
a bunk, but the sanitary conditions were abysmal and there was no
privacy.
All vestiges of human
dignity were systematically stripped away in the most ruthless way
possible, designed to degrade and destroy. Man's inhumanity to man at
its worst and in a place where there was no limit to how badly and
inhumanely people were treated.
In the corridors we saw
photographs in frames of just a few of the many prisoners who were
judged to be of use to the Nazis - complete with their names, dates
of birth, the dates of when they arrived and of when they died.
The statistics of
people surviving an average of three months in these attrocious
conditions was made much more tangible.
For me though it was
seeing a broken doll in a cabinet surrounded by clothes belonging to
children and babies that made my whole being ache with sadness and
anger.
In short, seeing all
these things that belonged to human beings made it all horribly real.
Like I said, nothing can prepare you for what you see and how you
feel. It was chilling - and it wasn't just the weather.
Normally chatty teens
were left silenced by the things they saw and we walked through the
buildings and the corridors within them in silence.
We were equally quiet
as we stepped into the gas chamber and for many it was too much to
take in.
After that it was a
short journey to Auschwitz-Birkenau. If you think Auschwitz is big,
Birkenau is staggering in its size. It was the largest of the more
than 40 camps and sub-camps that made up the Auschwitz complex and
was made up of nine areas, each surrounded by a barbed wire fence.
Entering through the
main gate the infamous railway track disappears into the distance.
It is utterly vast and
at its height we were told that 90,000 prisoners were kept there at
any one time. Now most of it has been razed to the ground with only
chimney stacks remaining.
However there is one
row of huts that have been kept. It was here we were told that
hundreds were crammed into these tiny, claustrophobic buildings in
living conditions that are beyond comprehension.
A long bench with holes
in it turns out to be a mass lavatory where men were given but a few
seconds at specific times twice a day to use. Dysentry was rife as
were diseases and rats. It is simply impossible to fully appreciate
the conditions that these people had to suffer.
By this time, the
weather was getting worse, it was snowing, there was an arctic wind
blowing and we were all shivering with the cold. The only way to keep
ourselves going was to keep moving. So we walked in sombre silence
down alongside the railway track where so many were herded into
wagons, one of which remains stationary, lonely on the track, and
taken to their deaths.
We followed the track
to the end of the line where we saw the remains of two gas chambers
and the crematorium. We saw the ash pits, the steps leading down to
the chambers and the woods beyond.
We then were taken to
the last remaining building which housed a wall of photos of men,
women and children, in happier times before the war. No one could
have foreseen the terrors and horrors of what was to come for them
and no one knows what happened to these people - were they victims of
Auschwitz-Birkenau or did they manage to escape. It was an incredibly
sobering moment.
Our visit ended with a
short memorial service after which we all lit candles and laid them
on the railway tracks.
The day was an
emotionally charged one not just for me but for the students I was
with.
For Fabian
Smith-Williams, a history A level student at Haberdasher's Askes in
New Cross said it was an experience he said he would never forget.
He said: "I've
studied history for seven years and how the Nazis dehumanised the
Jews but this is something else. This is the reality of what
happened.
"I'm shivering
with five layers of clothes right now and can't imagine what it must
have been like in this weather for the people who were here who had
their shoes and clothes taken from them."
Fellow student Mo
Carpenter said: "It was harrowing to be here and it's hard to
grasp that it actually happened."
Zavina Eguakun, a
student at La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls School in Clapham said:
"It opened my eyes to a lot of what went on. Even though it
happened a long time ago there are still issues today and we need to
be more aware.
"The room with the
hair was the most poignant for me - that really got to me. It just
looked so ruthless because these were real human beings."
Her fellow student
Niamh O'Connell agreed. She said: "It made it all real. You
learn about it at school but coming here is a big deal.
"It makes you
realise how many people were killed during the Holocaust and helps
you understand that it happened and we need to learn from it. It
doesn't matter what colour or religion you are, everyone should be
treated fairly."
Natasha De Stefano, a
history teacher at Bishop Thomas Grant School in Streatham said
everyone should have an opportunity to come on such a trip.
She said: "This is
my sixth visit and every time I come I notice something slightly
different. This time it was the artificial limbs for babies and
children. I'm an auntie and it really affected me.
"I think it's also
about seeing the photos of those who were here and trying to find the
individual.
"It's such a
valuable project that the HET runs and I think it's extremely
beneficial for the students who are able to come.
"It makes it all
real and gives a fresh and real insight into what went on. Being
here, seeing it and hearing the stories is an incredible and
extraordinary experience that you can't get just by reading about it
in class.
"Both my students
today have got a lot out of today and it's made them think about the
issues in history and modern day problems. It's been a great
opportunity for them."
Student Alex Baxter
said: "I feel it's life changing. You can see the scale of the
horror of it. Being at Birkenau was the worst bit. To see how big it
was and what the conditions were like was awful."
Fellow student Laura De
Costa Videira said: "I got a more a more visual image of how
people suffered. You can't tell from the figures but seeing the
objects brought it to life and put it all in a different light. It
was harrowing but it gave me a different perspective on it and a
better understanding of what happened so I'll remember this visit
forever."
Visit http://www.het.org.uk/
FACT BOX
Auschwitz I was
primarily a concentration camp which held around 15,000 prisoners. It
was initially used for Polish political prisoners but later housed
Soviet prisoners of war, "anti social elements" and
prisoners of many nationalities.
Birkenau, also known as
Auschwitz II, was the main death camp. It was built in 1941 on the
site of the village of Brzezinka, 3km from Oswiecim.
It is impossible to
give precise figures for the numbers of people sent to
Auschwitz-Birkenau. However estimates suggest they included
1.1million Jews, 140,000 Poles, 23,000 Sinti and Roma gypsies and
15,000 Soviet prisoners of war.
At the end of 1944 with
the Red Army approaching, the Auschwitz administration began to
remove traces of the crimes that took place there by destroying
documents and buildings.
Between August 1944 and
January 1945 120,000 prisoners were evacuated to camps in Germany.
The remaining 7,650
prisoners were liberated by the Red Army on January 27, 1945.